The central problem to consciousness studies and even everyday life can be formulated as follows: how can I recognize, verify, and know that both I and my conversation partner are self-conscious. The latter question is known as the problem of other minds. Both problems are rather befuddling. David Chalmers famously refers to the former question as the “hard problem.” Some Buddhist philosophers, however, venture an explanation of this conundrum. In his Twenty Verses (Viṃśatikā ), Vasubandhu (fl. 4th–5th century) observes that “the unenlightened are not only unable to know the minds of others, but they also have no knowledge of the true nature of their own minds, whereas the enlightened know their own true minds and the true minds of others.