" In Buddhist scriptures, this practice involves mentally identifying 31 parts of the body, contemplated upon in various ways.
Objects of contemplation[edit]
This meditation involves meditating on 31 different body parts:
head hairs (Pali: kesā), body hairs (lomā), nails (nakhā), teeth (dantā), skin (taco),
flesh (maṃsaṃ**), tendons (nahāru), bones (aṭṭhi), bone marrow (aṭṭhimiñjaṃ**), kidneys (vakkaṃ**),
heart (hadayaṃ**), liver (yakanaṃ**), pleura (kilomakaṃ**), spleen (pihakaṃ**), lungs (papphāsaṃ**),
entrails (antaṃ**), mesentery (antaguṇaṃ**), undigested food (udariyaṃ**), feces (karīsaṃ**),
bile (pittaṃ**), phlegm (semhaṃ**), pus (pubbo), blood (lohitaṃ**), sweat (sedo), fat (medo),
tears (assu), skin-oil (vasā), saliva (kheḷo), mucus (siṅghānikā), fluid in the joints (lasikā), urine (muttaṃ**).[15]
In a few discourses, these 31 body parts are contextualized within the framework of the mahābhūta (the elements) so that the earth element is exemplified by the body parts from head hair to feces, and the water element is exemplified by bile through urine.[16]
A few other discourses preface contemplation of these 31 body parts in the following manner: “Herein … a monk contemplates this body upward from the soles of the feet, downward from the top of the hair, enclosed in skin, as being full of many impurities.”[17]
The 31 identified body parts in pātikūlamanasikāra contemplation are the same as the first 31 body parts identified in the “Dvattimsakara” (“32 Parts [of the Body]”) verse (Khp. 3) regularly recited by monks.[18] The thirty-second body part identified in the latter verse is the brain (matthaluṅga).[19] The Visuddhimagga suggests the enumeration of the 31 body parts implicitly includes the brain in aṭṭhimiñjaṃ**, which is traditionally translated as “bone marrow”.[20]
Methods of contemplation[edit]
A canonical formulation of how to meditate on these is:
“Just as if a sack with openings at both ends were full of various kinds of grain – wheat, rice, mung beans, kidney beans, sesame seeds, husked rice – and a man with good eyesight, pouring it out, were to reflect, ‘This is wheat. This is rice. These are mung beans. These are kidney beans. These are sesame seeds. This is husked rice’; in the same way, the monk reflects on this very body from the soles of the feet on up, from the crown of the head on down, surrounded by skin and full of various kinds of unclean things [as identified in the above enumeration of bodily organs and fluids]…”[21]
In regards to this and other body-centered meditation objects, the Satipatthana Sutta (DN 22) provides the following additional context and expected results:
In this way [a monk] remains focused internally on the body in & of itself, or externally on the body in & of itself, or both internally & externally on the body in & of itself. Or he remains focused on the phenomenon of origination with regard to the body, on the phenomenon of passing away with regard to the body, or on the phenomenon of origination & passing away with regard to the body. Or his mindfulness that ‘There is a body’ is maintained to the extent of knowledge & remembrance. And he remains independent, unsustained by (not clinging to) anything in the world…"[22]
According to the post-canonical Pali atthakatha (commentary) on the Satipatthana Sutta, one can develop “seven kinds of skill in study” regarding these meditation objects through:
- repetition of the body parts verbally
- repetition of the body parts mentally
- discerning the body parts individually in terms of each one’s color
- discerning the body parts individually in terms of each one’s shape
- discerning if a body part is above or below the navel (or both)
- discerning the body part’s spatial location
- spatially and functionally juxtaposing two body parts[23]"
Very powerful practice thank you for letting me know this.
