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Hinduism: Believes in the concept of “Atman,” which is the inner self or soul. It’s considered eternal and part of the cosmic soul “Brahman.” The uniqueness comes from the belief in the transmigration of the soul, i.e., reincarnation based on karma, which is a distinct aspect differing from the linear concept of life and afterlife in many other religions.
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Buddhism: Many schools of Buddhism, particularly Theravāda Buddhism, reject the concept of a permanent, self-existing soul (anātman) and believe instead in a constantly changing stream of consciousness. This perspective deviates significantly from the more common religious conception of a permanent soul.
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Christianity: Most Christian denominations believe in an immortal soul that is distinctly separate from the body. The unique aspect is the belief in salvation and the soul’s eventual rest in Heaven or punishment in Hell, contingent upon acceptance of Jesus Christ and moral conduct during one’s life, with some variations in different sects (e.g., Catholicism, Protestantism, Orthodoxy).
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Islam: Muslims believe in the immortal soul, which enters a person’s body upon the ensoulment before birth. On the Day of Judgment, souls will be resurrected and held accountable for their actions, facing either eternal paradise or hell. The emphasis on submission to Allah’s will as a guiding principle for the soul’s earthly journey is a defining feature.
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Judaism: Views on the soul within Judaism can vary, but it traditionally acknowledges an eternal soul given by God and distinguishes between different components of the soul, such as “Nefesh” (vitality), “Ruach” (spirit), and “Neshama” (higher soul). The focus is less on the afterlife and more on the soul’s actions during earthly life, aligning with God’s laws.
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Sikhism: The soul, or “Atma,” is considered a spark of God, and the human goal is to merge with the Divine, which is a different view from the Abrahamic religions. The cycle of birth and rebirth (reincarnation) is governed by one’s actions (karma), and liberation (moksha) is obtained through living a righteous life and meditating on God.
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Jainism: Believes in an eternal, individual soul, “Jiva,” which accrues karma through various actions. The unique aspect is the extreme emphasis on non-violence (ahimsa) and asceticism to purify the soul from karmic particles, ultimately achieving liberation (moksha) and becoming a “pure” soul with omniscience.
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Zoroastrianism: Proposes each person has a “fravashi,” a pre-existing soul or spiritual essence, which acts as a guardian and guide. The unique feature is the cosmic battle aspect, where the soul is seen as part of the struggle between good and evil forces, and the soul’s judgment is based on the moral alignment of thoughts, words, and deeds throughout life.
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Shinto: This indigenous religion of Japan perceives the soul in a pantheistic sense, with “kami,” spiritual essences, residing in multiple elements of nature, including within humans. Rather than focusing on morality or an afterlife, the emphasis is on ritual purity and maintaining a harmonious relationship with the various kami.
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Animism: Found in various indigenous religions, this belief holds that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in animals, plants, rocks, natural phenomena, and geographic features. The distinctiveness lies in the reciprocal relationships between humans and nature’s souls, often requiring rituals, respect, and offerings.
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Scientology: Considers humans as immortal beings known as “thetans,” who are essentially good but haunted by negative experiences (engrams). The practice of “auditing” is used to cleanse thetans of engrams, differing substantially from traditional concepts of salvation or ritual purification found in other religions.
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New Age Spirituality: This highly eclectic and individualistic approach often incorporates beliefs in reincarnation, karma, spiritual evolution, and the existence of spiritual beings (like angels or ascended masters). The focus is typically on spiritual awakening and ascending to higher states of consciousness, which is less dogmatic and organized than in traditional religions.
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Bahá’í Faith: The Bahá’í view posits that the human soul, known as the “rational soul,” comes into being at the time of conception and continues to exist after the death of the physical body. The soul’s journey through the material world is to develop and acquire virtues, and life after death is a new stage of existence for further progress. This continual progress of the soul distinguishes Bahá’í belief from concepts of a final resting place or state.
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Taoism: Taoism views the soul as an aspect of the Tao, the natural order of existence. The soul doesn’t separate from the body as a distinct entity but is more an integral part of the life force (Qi). Taoism promotes living in harmony with the Tao (the Way), and this harmony affects the soul’s quality. The concept of immortality in Taoism also differs, focusing more on a harmonious existence rather than an eternal afterlife.
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Confucianism: Rather than a defined doctrine of the soul, Confucianism focuses on ethics and moral living as a reflection of one’s inner quality. It emphasizes cultivating one’s moral character and virtue (ren), affecting the individual’s life force or spirit. The ancestral worship prevalent in Confucianism also points towards a belief in the continuation of existence, though less defined than in other traditions.
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Gnosticism: An ancient religion with various sects, Gnosticism believes that human beings contain a divine soul entrapped in a material body. This soul is a part of the divine essence and is destined to return to its divine source, contrary to the material world’s evil. Salvation and the release of the soul come through gnosis, a spiritual knowledge of the divine spark within oneself, which is a fundamental departure from orthodox Christianity’s doctrines.
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Candomblé: An Afro-Brazilian religious tradition, Candomblé combines elements of Yoruba, Fon, and Bantu beliefs. It holds that every human has a soul connected to a personal deity (Orixá). These deities represent various forces of nature, and individuals must cultivate a relationship with their Orixá for spiritual balance and well-being, offering a unique interplay between the soul, nature, and the divine.
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Wicca and Neopaganism: These modern pagan movements often have varying beliefs about the soul, but many share a belief in reincarnation and the ability of the soul to evolve over many lifetimes. The soul is often seen as part of the divine whole, with a strong emphasis on the interconnectedness of all existence, differing from the Abrahamic religions’ separateness concept.
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Rastafarianism: Rastafarians believe in the immortal nature of the human soul, influenced by a mix of beliefs from Christianity, Pan-Africanism, and mysticism. Their unique belief lies in the eventual return of the soul to the African homeland, reflecting a deep cultural and spiritual connection with their roots.
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Unitarian Universalism: As a liberal religion, it draws on many religious beliefs, focusing more on spiritual growth and ethical living than specific creedal requirements. Individual Unitarians have their own beliefs about the soul, with the congregation supporting personal growth and searching. The soul here is considered in a broader, often more metaphoric sense, encouraging a personal journey of understanding.
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Spiritism: Originating in the 19th century, Spiritism, particularly as practiced within Kardecism, believes in the immortality of the soul and its evolution through successive incarnations. Communication with the spirits of deceased individuals is a prominent aspect, intended for the moral and intellectual improvement of humanity.
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Tenrikyo: Originating in Japan, its followers believe that humans are granted a mind by God and that happiness comes through its proper use. The soul’s journey is less emphasized than joyful living through gratitude and mindfulness.
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Mandaeanism: Followers of this ancient Gnostic religion believe in the journey of the soul, which, freed from the body, ascends through a realm of planetary spheres to unite with the supreme form of life.
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Yazidism: An ancient faith that emerged in Mesopotamia, Yazidis believe in the soul’s continual reincarnation on earth until it purifies itself to ascend into the Heavens.
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Druidry: Modern Druidry is a continuation or revival of pre-Christian spiritual practices of Celtic Europe. Many Druids believe in a form of transmigration of the soul, which can lead to reincarnation or existence in a spirit world.
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Cheondoism: A modern religion based in Korea, blending Confucian, Buddhist, Taoist, and Catholic beliefs. It emphasizes the divine nature of humans and teaches the cultivation of the inner divine potential, sometimes interpreted as the soul.
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Bön: an ancient Tibetan spiritual tradition, perceives the soul (‘la’) as a vital essence integral to life and consciousness, existing within a broader system of spiritual components. The tradition emphasizes maintaining soul harmony to ensure health and well-being, advocating rituals to protect and, if necessary, retrieve the soul. The soul’s journey doesn’t end with death; Bön upholds a belief in reincarnation, where the soul transitions through various realms based on karma. Specific rituals guide and aid in securing a favorable rebirth, reflecting Bön’s complex, animistic, and shamanistic spiritual framework.
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Ayyavazhi: An offshoot of Hinduism, focused on the teachings of Ayya Vaikundar, considering the soul as a part of the ultimate consciousness that seeks union with the divine by following dharma.
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Quakers (Religious Society of Friends): While there’s a wide range of beliefs within different Quaker sects, most tend to emphasize personal, ongoing revelation and ethical living over specific dogmas about the soul.
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Jehovah’s Witnesses: They believe that the soul is not inherently immortal, that it is synonymous with the being itself, and that souls not attaining salvation will be annihilated after death rather than tormented eternally.
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Satanism (LaVeyan): This atheistic belief system asserts that there is no soul and does not believe in the afterlife, emphasizing the individual’s ego and personal development rather than spiritual concepts.
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Theosophy: This spiritual movement teaches about the complex development of the soul and its progression through various stages of spiritual evolution, both in one’s life and through reincarnation, integrating ideas from various religions and philosophies.
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Raëlism: This modern religious movement holds that scientifically advanced extraterrestrials, known as the Elohim, created life on Earth. The soul doesn’t exist, but through scientific advancement, humans can achieve eternal life.
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Falun Gong: Practitioners believe in the existence of a human soul that is complex and multi-dimensional. Moral living, meditation, and cultivation of one’s xinxing are believed to purify the soul.
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Ancient Egyptians: The soul, or ‘ka,’ was considered an individual’s life force, born simultaneously with the body and living on after death. The ‘ba,’ another aspect, represented the personality, effectively making each person unique. These elements, along with others like the ‘akh’ (a transcendent, eternal essence), were integral to one’s identity and journey in the afterlife. The Egyptians practiced elaborate death rituals to protect these soul components and ensure their safe passage to the afterlife, aiming for ultimate union with the divine. This belief system underscored the intricate mummification processes, tomb inscriptions, and funerary offerings characteristic of Ancient Egyptian burial practices.